Dorsal–ventral patterning and neural induction in Xenopus embryos. Neural induction: 10 years on since the ‘default model’. Vertebrate embryonic cells will become nerve cells unless told otherwise. in Foundation of Experimental Embryology (eds Willer, B. This study further reveals the diversity of neural inducers used during chordate evolution and provides support against a universally conserved molecular explanation for this process. Together, our results allow us to propose that Nodal–Activin was a major factor for neural induction in the ancestor of chordates. In addition, we demonstrate that Nodal–Activin is the main signal eliciting neural induction in amphioxus, and that it also functions as a bona fide neural inducer in the classical vertebrate model Xenopus. Here we show, by using graft and micromanipulation experiments, that the dorsal blastopore lip of the cephalochordate amphioxus is homologous to the vertebrate organizer and is able to trigger the formation of neural tissues in a host embryo. Moreover, how this process evolved in the chordate lineage remains unresolved. Studies in classical vertebrate models have produced contrasting views about the molecular nature of neural inducers and no unifying scheme could be drawn. This first step of central nervous system formation is triggered by the ‘Spemann organizer’ in amphibians and by homologous embryonic regions in other vertebrates. Neural induction is the process through which pluripotent cells are committed to a neural fate.
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